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Dogs are hypersocial with humans, and their integration into human social ecology makes dogs a unique model for studying cross-species social bonding. However, the proximal neural mechanisms driving dog–human social interaction are unknown. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging in 15 awake dogs to probe the neural basis for their preferences for social interaction and food reward. In a first experiment, we used the ventral caudate as a measure of intrinsic reward value and compared activation to conditioned stimuli that predicted food, praise or nothing. Relative to the control stimulus, the caudate was significantly more active to the reward-predicting stimuli and showed roughly equal or greater activation to praise vs food in 13 of 15 dogs. To confirm that these differences were driven by the intrinsic value of social praise, we performed a second imaging experiment in which the praise was withheld on a subset of trials.

The difference in caudate activation to the receipt of praise, relative to its withholding, was strongly correlated with the differential activation to the conditioned stimuli in the first experiment. In a third experiment, we performed an out-of-scanner choice task in which the dog repeatedly selected food or owner in a Y-maze. The relative caudate activation to food- and praise-predicting stimuli in Experiment 1 was a strong predictor of each dog’s sequence of choices in the Y-maze. Analogous to similar neuroimaging studies of individual differences in human social reward, our findings demonstrate a neural mechanism for preference in domestic dogs that is stable within, but variable between, individuals.

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Moreover, the individual differences in the caudate responses indicate the potentially higher value of social than food reward for some dogs and may help to explain the apparent efficacy of social interaction in dog training. , Introduction As the first domesticated species, dogs have a unique relationship with humans. Dogs have been integrated into modern social life in many cultures, with millions serving as companion animals.

As such, dogs benefit from a clear tendency of humans to bond socially with dogs (;;; ). But what is the nature of the relationship from the dog’s perspective?

And, given the high degree of individual variability in dogs (see ), how consistent across individuals are the biological underpinnings of this relationship? Free download achi ir pro sc manual programs. A better understanding of the proximal mechanisms driving dog–human interaction and the extent to which these vary across individuals will illuminate the dog–human social relationship.

It is worth highlighting just how unique this cross-species relationship is. Although commensalism and symbiosis are not uncommon in the animal kingdom, a species-wide extension of social bonding mechanisms to include a wholly unrelated species is apparently very rare, and raises the intriguing possibility that human social behavior has served as a strong adaptive pressure in the evolution of domestic dog sociobiology (). Quantifying the relative value of food vs praise would also help inform ongoing and contentious debates regarding the most effective methods in dog training (e.g.;; ). Dogs are gifted at attending to, and interpreting, subtle human social cues (;; ), and a behavioral literature suggests that dogs act as if socially attached to humans (;; although see:; ).